文章目录
- import asyncio async def hello(): print(“Hello”) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(“World”) # 方式1: Python 3.7+ 推荐 asyncio.run(hello()) # 方式2: 手动管理事件循环 loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() loop.run_until_complete(hello()) loop.close() # 方式3: 在已有事件循环中 # await hello() # 只能在异步函数内使用
- async def task1(): await asyncio.sleep(2) return “任务1完成” async def task2(): await asyncio.sleep(1) return “任务2完成” async def main(): # 创建任务 t1 = asyncio.create_task(task1()) t2 = asyncio.create_task(task2()) # 等待所有任务完成 results = await asyncio.gather(t1, t2) print(results) asyncio.run(main())
- async def fetch_data(n): print(f”开始获取数据 {n}”) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(f”完成获取数据 {n}”) return f”数据 {n}” async def main(): # gather: 并发执行,按顺序返回结果 results = await asyncio.gather( fetch_data(1), fetch_data(2), fetch_data(3) ) print(results) asyncio.run(main())
- ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │ 事件循环 (Event Loop) │ │ │ │ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ 就绪队列 (Ready Queue) │ │ │ │ [task1, task2, task3] │ │ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ 等待队列 (Wait Queue) │ │ │ │ [task4, task5] │ │ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ I/O 选择器 │ │ │ │ (epoll/kqueue/select) │ │ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────────────┘
- 初始化: 创建事件循环 注册协程: 将协程包装成 Task 对象 调度执行: 从就绪队列取出 Task 执行到 await 处暂停 注册到相应的等待队列 I/O 多路复用: 监听 I/O 事件 唤醒协程: I/O 完成后,将 Task 移回就绪队列 循环往复: 直到所有任务完成
- async def example(): print(“1. 开始执行”) # RUNNING await asyncio.sleep(1) # WAITING (挂起) print(“2. 继续执行”) # RUNNING (恢复) return “完成” # FINISHED
- # 简化的事件循环伪代码 class EventLoop: def __init__(self): self._ready = deque() # 就绪队列 self._selector = select.epoll() # I/O 选择器 def run_until_complete(self, coro): task = Task(coro) self._ready.append(task) while self._ready or self._has_pending_io(): # 执行就绪的任务 if self._ready: task = self._ready.popleft() task.step() # 等待 I/O 事件 events = self._selector.select(timeout=0) for event in events: self._ready.append(event.callback)
- 特性 asyncio 多线程 (threading) 多进程 (multiprocessing) 并发模型 协作式并发 抢占式并发 真正并行 运行环境 单线程 多线程 多进程 GIL 影响 无影响 受 GIL 限制 不受 GIL 限制 切换开销 极小(用户态) 较大(内核态) 最大(进程切换) 内存占用 低 中等 高 适用场景 I/O 密集型 I/O 密集型 CPU 密集型 数据共享 简单(同一线程) 需要锁 需要 IPC 调试难度 容易 困难 中等
-
- 网络请求(爬虫、API 调用) 文件 I/O 数据库查询 WebSocket 连接 异步消息队列 # 典型的 asyncio 场景: 并发网络请求 import aiohttp import asyncio async def fetch_url(session, url): async with session.get(url) as response: return await response.text() async def main(): urls = [‘http://example.com’] * 100 async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: tasks = [fetch_url(session, url) for url in urls] results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks) print(f”完成 {len(results)} 个请求”) asyncio.run(main())
- 有阻塞 I/O 操作且无异步替代 需要并发执行的库不支持 asyncio 中等规模并发 import threading import requests def fetch_url(url): response = requests.get(url) print(f”完成: {url}”) urls = [‘http://example.com’] * 10 threads = [threading.Thread(target=fetch_url, args=(url,)) for url in urls] for t in threads: t.start() for t in threads: t.join()
- CPU 密集型计算 需要绕过 GIL 数据并行处理 from multiprocessing import Pool def cpu_intensive(n): return sum(i*i for i in range(n)) with Pool(4) as pool: results = pool.map(cpu_intensive, [10000000] * 4) print(results)
- import asyncio import threading import multiprocessing import time # I/O 密集型任务 def io_bound_sync(): time.sleep(1) async def io_bound_async(): await asyncio.sleep(1) # 测试 asyncio async def test_asyncio(): start = time.time() await asyncio.gather(*[io_bound_async() for _ in range(100)]) print(f”asyncio: {time.time() – start:.2f}s”) # 约 1 秒 # 测试多线程 def test_threading(): start = time.time() threads = [threading.Thread(target=io_bound_sync) for _ in range(100)] for t in threads: t.start() for t in threads: t.join() print(f”threading: {time.time() – start:.2f}s”) # 约 1-2 秒 # asyncio 在 I/O 密集型任务中表现最优
- class AsyncResource: async def __aenter__(self): print(“获取资源”) await asyncio.sleep(1) return self async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): print(“释放资源”) await asyncio.sleep(1) async def main(): async with AsyncResource() as resource: print(“使用资源”) asyncio.run(main())
- class AsyncRange: def __init__(self, start, end): self.current = start self.end = end def __aiter__(self): return self async def __anext__(self): if self.current >= self.end: raise StopAsyncIteration await asyncio.sleep(0.1) self.current += 1 return self.current – 1 async def main(): async for i in AsyncRange(0, 5): print(i) asyncio.run(main())
- async def async_generator(): for i in range(5): await asyncio.sleep(1) yield i async def main(): async for value in async_generator(): print(value) asyncio.run(main())
- async def slow_operation(): await asyncio.sleep(5) return “完成” async def main(): try: # 设置 2 秒超时 result = await asyncio.wait_for(slow_operation(), timeout=2) except asyncio.TimeoutError: print(“操作超时”) asyncio.run(main())
- # 限制并发数量 async def limited_task(sem, n): async with sem: print(f”任务 {n} 开始”) await asyncio.sleep(1) print(f”任务 {n} 完成”) async def main(): sem = asyncio.Semaphore(3) # 最多 3 个并发 await asyncio.gather(*[limited_task(sem, i) for i in range(10)]) asyncio.run(main())
- async def producer(queue, n): for i in range(n): await queue.put(i) print(f”生产: {i}”) await asyncio.sleep(0.5) async def consumer(queue, name): while True: item = await queue.get() print(f”{name} 消费: {item}”) await asyncio.sleep(1) queue.task_done() async def main(): queue = asyncio.Queue() # 创建生产者和消费者 producers = [asyncio.create_task(producer(queue, 5))] consumers = [asyncio.create_task(consumer(queue, f”消费者{i}”)) for i in range(2)] await asyncio.gather(*producers) await queue.join() # 等待所有任务处理完成 for c in consumers: c.cancel() asyncio.run(main())
- import asyncio import aiohttp from bs4 import BeautifulSoup async def fetch_page(session, url): try: async with session.get(url, timeout=10) as response: return await response.text() except Exception as e: print(f”错误 {url}: {e}”) return None async def parse_page(html): if html: soup = BeautifulSoup(html, ‘html.parser’) return soup.title.string if soup.title else “无标题” return None async def crawl_urls(urls): async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session: tasks = [fetch_page(session, url) for url in urls] pages = await asyncio.gather(*tasks) titles = await asyncio.gather(*[parse_page(page) for page in pages]) return titles urls = [ ‘http://example.com’, ‘http://example.org’, ‘http://example.net’, ] # 执行爬虫 # titles = asyncio.run(crawl_urls(urls)) # print(titles)
- import asyncio import aiosqlite async def create_table(db): await db.execute(”’ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, email TEXT ) ”’) await db.commit() async def insert_user(db, name, email): await db.execute( ‘INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)’, (name, email) ) await db.commit() async def fetch_users(db): async with db.execute(‘SELECT * FROM users’) as cursor: return await cursor.fetchall() async def main(): async with aiosqlite.connect(‘test.db’) as db: await create_table(db) # 并发插入 await asyncio.gather( insert_user(db, ‘Alice’, ‘alice@example.com’), insert_user(db, ‘Bob’, ‘bob@example.com’), insert_user(db, ‘Charlie’, ‘charlie@example.com’) ) users = await fetch_users(db) for user in users: print(user) # asyncio.run(main())
- import asyncio async def handle_client(reader, writer): data = await reader.read(1024) message = data.decode() addr = writer.get_extra_info(‘peername’) print(f”收到来自 {addr} 的消息: {message}”) response = f”Echo: {message}” writer.write(response.encode()) await writer.drain() writer.close() await writer.wait_closed() async def start_server(): server = await asyncio.start_server( handle_client, ‘127.0.0.1’, 8888 ) addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname() print(f”服务器启动在 {addr}”) async with server: await server.serve_forever() # asyncio.run(start_server())
- import asyncio import random async def data_stream(): “””模拟数据流””” while True: yield random.randint(1, 100) await asyncio.sleep(0.5) async def process_data(value): “””处理数据””” await asyncio.sleep(0.1) return value * 2 async def monitor_stream(): “””监控和处理数据流””” buffer = [] async for data in data_stream(): print(f”接收数据: {data}”) # 异步处理数据 task = asyncio.create_task(process_data(data)) buffer.append(task) # 每 5 个数据批量处理 if len(buffer) >= 5: results = await asyncio.gather(*buffer) print(f”处理结果: {results}”) buffer = [] # 演示用,处理 20 个数据后停止 if data > 20: break # asyncio.run(monitor_stream())
- import asyncio async def task_with_priority(name, priority, duration): print(f”[优先级 {priority}] {name} 开始”) await asyncio.sleep(duration) print(f”[优先级 {priority}] {name} 完成”) return f”{name} 结果” async def coordinator(): # 创建不同优先级的任务 high_priority = [ task_with_priority(f”高优先级-{i}”, 1, 1) for i in range(3) ] low_priority = [ task_with_priority(f”低优先级-{i}”, 3, 2) for i in range(3) ] # 先执行高优先级任务 high_results = await asyncio.gather(*high_priority) print(f”高优先级完成: {high_results}”) # 再执行低优先级任务 low_results = await asyncio.gather(*low_priority) print(f”低优先级完成: {low_results}”) asyncio.run(coordinator())
- async def safe_task(n): try: if n == 3: raise ValueError(“错误的值”) await asyncio.sleep(1) return f”任务 {n} 成功” except Exception as e: print(f”任务 {n} 失败: {e}”) return None async def main(): results = await asyncio.gather( safe_task(1), safe_task(2), safe_task(3), return_exceptions=True # 不会因为一个任务失败而停止 ) print(results) asyncio.run(main())
- class AsyncConnection: async def __aenter__(self): self.conn = await self.connect() return self async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): await self.close() async def connect(self): print(“建立连接”) await asyncio.sleep(1) return “connection” async def close(self): print(“关闭连接”) await asyncio.sleep(1) async def main(): async with AsyncConnection() as conn: print(f”使用连接: {conn.conn}”) asyncio.run(main())
- import asyncio from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor # 错误: 阻塞操作 async def bad_example(): time.sleep(5) # 这会阻塞整个事件循环! # 正确: 使用 executor 运行阻塞操作 async def good_example(): loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor: result = await loop.run_in_executor(executor, blocking_function) return result def blocking_function(): import time time.sleep(5) return “完成”
- async def with_timeout(): try: result = await asyncio.wait_for( long_running_task(), timeout=5.0 ) except asyncio.TimeoutError: print(“任务超时,执行回退逻辑”) result = “默认值” return result
- async def main(): async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg: task1 = tg.create_task(some_coro()) task2 = tg.create_task(another_coro()) # 所有任务完成或某个任务失败时退出 print(“所有任务完成”)
- 高性能: 单线程处理大量并发,避免线程切换开销 低资源消耗: 协程比线程更轻量,内存占用少 代码可读性: async/await 语法让异步代码像同步代码一样易读 丰富的生态: aiohttp、aiopg、aiomysql 等大量异步库支持
- ✅ 适合使用: 大量网络 I/O 操作(爬虫、API 服务) WebSocket 长连接 异步数据库操作 实时数据处理 微服务间通信 ❌ 不适合使用: CPU 密集型计算(使用多进程) 简单的小型脚本 依赖大量同步库的项目 团队不熟悉异步编程
- 基础阶段: 掌握 async/await、事件循环、Task 基本概念 进阶阶段: 学习异步上下文管理器、生成器、同步原语 实战阶段: 使用 aiohttp、aiopg 等库构建实际项目 优化阶段: 性能分析、错误处理、最佳实践
- 在异步函数中使用阻塞调用 忘记使用 await 导致协程未执行 过度使用 asyncio(简单任务反而降低效率) 忽略异常处理导致任务静默失败 不理解事件循环的单线程特性
- Python 官方文档 – asyncio Real Python – Async IO aiohttp 文档 结语: asyncio 是 Python 异步编程的强大工具,掌握它可以显著提升 I/O 密集型应用的性能。理解其内部机制和最佳实践,能帮助你写出高效、可维护的异步代码。
目录
- 什么是 asyncio
- 核心概念
- 协程 (Coroutine)
- 事件循环 (Event Loop)
- await 关键字
- Task
- Future
- 基础用法
- 1. 运行协程的三种方式
- 2. 创建和管理任务
- 3. 并发执行
- 内部机理
- 事件循环的工作原理
- 执行流程
- 协程状态转换
- 底层实现关键点
- 与多线程/多进程的区别
- 对比表格
- 使用场景详解
- asyncio 适合的场景
- 多线程适合的场景
- 多进程适合的场景
- 性能对比示例
- 高级特性
- 1. 异步上下文管理器
- 2. 异步迭代器
- 3. 异步生成器
- 4. 超时控制
- 5. 信号量和锁
- 6. 队列
- 实战示例
- 示例1: 异步网络爬虫
- 示例2: 异步数据库操作
- 示例3: 异步 Web 服务器
- 示例4: 实时数据流处理
- 示例5: 多任务协调
- 最佳实践
- 1. 错误处理
- 2. 资源清理
- 3. 避免阻塞
- 4. 合理设置超时
- 5. 使用 TaskGroup (Python 3.11+)
- 总结
- asyncio 的核心优势
- 何时使用 asyncio
- 学习路径建议
- 常见陷阱
- 参考资源
- 总结
asyncio 是 Python 3.4+ 引入的标准库,用于编写并发代码的异步 I/O 框架。它使用事件循环和协程实现单线程并发,特别适合处理 I/O 密集型任务。
核心优势:
- 单线程内实现高并发
- 避免线程切换开销
- 更少的内存占用
- 代码更易于理解和调试
使用 async def 定义的特殊函数,可以在执行过程中暂停和恢复。
async def my_coroutine():
print("开始执行")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print("执行完成")
asyncio 的核心,负责调度和执行协程。
用于等待异步操作完成,只能在 async 函数内使用。
对协程的封装,可以并发执行多个协程。
表示一个异步操作的最终结果。
import asyncio
async def hello():
print("Hello")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print("World")
# 方式1: Python 3.7+ 推荐
asyncio.run(hello())
# 方式2: 手动管理事件循环
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(hello())
loop.close()
# 方式3: 在已有事件循环中
# await hello() # 只能在异步函数内使用
async def task1():
await asyncio.sleep(2)
return "任务1完成"
async def task2():
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return "任务2完成"
async def main():
# 创建任务
t1 = asyncio.create_task(task1())
t2 = asyncio.create_task(task2())
# 等待所有任务完成
results = await asyncio.gather(t1, t2)
print(results)
asyncio.run(main())
async def fetch_data(n):
print(f"开始获取数据 {n}")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print(f"完成获取数据 {n}")
return f"数据 {n}"
async def main():
# gather: 并发执行,按顺序返回结果
results = await asyncio.gather(
fetch_data(1),
fetch_data(2),
fetch_data(3)
)
print(results)
asyncio.run(main())
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ 事件循环 (Event Loop) │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ 就绪队列 (Ready Queue) │ │
│ │ [task1, task2, task3] │ │
│ └──────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ 等待队列 (Wait Queue) │ │
│ │ [task4, task5] │ │
│ └──────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ I/O 选择器 │ │
│ │ (epoll/kqueue/select) │ │
│ └──────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
- 初始化: 创建事件循环
- 注册协程: 将协程包装成 Task 对象
- 调度执行:
- 从就绪队列取出 Task
- 执行到 await 处暂停
- 注册到相应的等待队列
- I/O 多路复用: 监听 I/O 事件
- 唤醒协程: I/O 完成后,将 Task 移回就绪队列
- 循环往复: 直到所有任务完成
- 从就绪队列取出 Task
- 执行到 await 处暂停
- 注册到相应的等待队列
async def example():
print("1. 开始执行") # RUNNING
await asyncio.sleep(1) # WAITING (挂起)
print("2. 继续执行") # RUNNING (恢复)
return "完成" # FINISHED
# 简化的事件循环伪代码
class EventLoop:
def __init__(self):
self._ready = deque() # 就绪队列
self._selector = select.epoll() # I/O 选择器
def run_until_complete(self, coro):
task = Task(coro)
self._ready.append(task)
while self._ready or self._has_pending_io():
# 执行就绪的任务
if self._ready:
task = self._ready.popleft()
task.step()
# 等待 I/O 事件
events = self._selector.select(timeout=0)
for event in events:
self._ready.append(event.callback)
| 特性 | asyncio | 多线程 (threading) | 多进程 (multiprocessing) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 并发模型 | 协作式并发 | 抢占式并发 | 真正并行 |
| 运行环境 | 单线程 | 多线程 | 多进程 |
| GIL 影响 | 无影响 | 受 GIL 限制 | 不受 GIL 限制 |
| 切换开销 | 极小(用户态) | 较大(内核态) | 最大(进程切换) |
| 内存占用 | 低 | 中等 | 高 |
| 适用场景 | I/O 密集型 | I/O 密集型 | CPU 密集型 |
| 数据共享 | 简单(同一线程) | 需要锁 | 需要 IPC |
| 调试难度 | 容易 | 困难 | 中等 |
- 网络请求(爬虫、API 调用)
- 文件 I/O
- 数据库查询
- WebSocket 连接
- 异步消息队列
# 典型的 asyncio 场景: 并发网络请求
import aiohttp
import asyncio
async def fetch_url(session, url):
async with session.get(url) as response:
return await response.text()
async def main():
urls = ['http://example.com'] * 100
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
tasks = [fetch_url(session, url) for url in urls]
results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
print(f"完成 {len(results)} 个请求")
asyncio.run(main())
- 有阻塞 I/O 操作且无异步替代
- 需要并发执行的库不支持 asyncio
- 中等规模并发
import threading
import requests
def fetch_url(url):
response = requests.get(url)
print(f"完成: {url}")
urls = ['http://example.com'] * 10
threads = [threading.Thread(target=fetch_url, args=(url,)) for url in urls]
for t in threads:
t.start()
for t in threads:
t.join()
- CPU 密集型计算
- 需要绕过 GIL
- 数据并行处理
from multiprocessing import Pool
def cpu_intensive(n):
return sum(i*i for i in range(n))
with Pool(4) as pool:
results = pool.map(cpu_intensive, [10000000] * 4)
print(results)
import asyncio
import threading
import multiprocessing
import time
# I/O 密集型任务
def io_bound_sync():
time.sleep(1)
async def io_bound_async():
await asyncio.sleep(1)
# 测试 asyncio
async def test_asyncio():
start = time.time()
await asyncio.gather(*[io_bound_async() for _ in range(100)])
print(f"asyncio: {time.time() - start:.2f}s") # 约 1 秒
# 测试多线程
def test_threading():
start = time.time()
threads = [threading.Thread(target=io_bound_sync) for _ in range(100)]
for t in threads: t.start()
for t in threads: t.join()
print(f"threading: {time.time() - start:.2f}s") # 约 1-2 秒
# asyncio 在 I/O 密集型任务中表现最优
class AsyncResource:
async def __aenter__(self):
print("获取资源")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return self
async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print("释放资源")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
async def main():
async with AsyncResource() as resource:
print("使用资源")
asyncio.run(main())
class AsyncRange:
def __init__(self, start, end):
self.current = start
self.end = end
def __aiter__(self):
return self
async def __anext__(self):
if self.current >= self.end:
raise StopAsyncIteration
await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
self.current += 1
return self.current - 1
async def main():
async for i in AsyncRange(0, 5):
print(i)
asyncio.run(main())
async def async_generator():
for i in range(5):
await asyncio.sleep(1)
yield i
async def main():
async for value in async_generator():
print(value)
asyncio.run(main())
async def slow_operation():
await asyncio.sleep(5)
return "完成"
async def main():
try:
# 设置 2 秒超时
result = await asyncio.wait_for(slow_operation(), timeout=2)
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
print("操作超时")
asyncio.run(main())
# 限制并发数量
async def limited_task(sem, n):
async with sem:
print(f"任务 {n} 开始")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
print(f"任务 {n} 完成")
async def main():
sem = asyncio.Semaphore(3) # 最多 3 个并发
await asyncio.gather(*[limited_task(sem, i) for i in range(10)])
asyncio.run(main())
async def producer(queue, n):
for i in range(n):
await queue.put(i)
print(f"生产: {i}")
await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
async def consumer(queue, name):
while True:
item = await queue.get()
print(f"{name} 消费: {item}")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
queue.task_done()
async def main():
queue = asyncio.Queue()
# 创建生产者和消费者
producers = [asyncio.create_task(producer(queue, 5))]
consumers = [asyncio.create_task(consumer(queue, f"消费者{i}"))
for i in range(2)]
await asyncio.gather(*producers)
await queue.join() # 等待所有任务处理完成
for c in consumers:
c.cancel()
asyncio.run(main())
import asyncio
import aiohttp
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
async def fetch_page(session, url):
try:
async with session.get(url, timeout=10) as response:
return await response.text()
except Exception as e:
print(f"错误 {url}: {e}")
return None
async def parse_page(html):
if html:
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
return soup.title.string if soup.title else "无标题"
return None
async def crawl_urls(urls):
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
tasks = [fetch_page(session, url) for url in urls]
pages = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
titles = await asyncio.gather(*[parse_page(page) for page in pages])
return titles
urls = [
'http://example.com',
'http://example.org',
'http://example.net',
]
# 执行爬虫
# titles = asyncio.run(crawl_urls(urls))
# print(titles)
import asyncio
import aiosqlite
async def create_table(db):
await db.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT,
email TEXT
)
''')
await db.commit()
async def insert_user(db, name, email):
await db.execute(
'INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)',
(name, email)
)
await db.commit()
async def fetch_users(db):
async with db.execute('SELECT * FROM users') as cursor:
return await cursor.fetchall()
async def main():
async with aiosqlite.connect('test.db') as db:
await create_table(db)
# 并发插入
await asyncio.gather(
insert_user(db, 'Alice', 'alice@example.com'),
insert_user(db, 'Bob', 'bob@example.com'),
insert_user(db, 'Charlie', 'charlie@example.com')
)
users = await fetch_users(db)
for user in users:
print(user)
# asyncio.run(main())
import asyncio
async def handle_client(reader, writer):
data = await reader.read(1024)
message = data.decode()
addr = writer.get_extra_info('peername')
print(f"收到来自 {addr} 的消息: {message}")
response = f"Echo: {message}"
writer.write(response.encode())
await writer.drain()
writer.close()
await writer.wait_closed()
async def start_server():
server = await asyncio.start_server(
handle_client, '127.0.0.1', 8888
)
addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname()
print(f"服务器启动在 {addr}")
async with server:
await server.serve_forever()
# asyncio.run(start_server())
import asyncio
import random
async def data_stream():
"""模拟数据流"""
while True:
yield random.randint(1, 100)
await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
async def process_data(value):
"""处理数据"""
await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
return value * 2
async def monitor_stream():
"""监控和处理数据流"""
buffer = []
async for data in data_stream():
print(f"接收数据: {data}")
# 异步处理数据
task = asyncio.create_task(process_data(data))
buffer.append(task)
# 每 5 个数据批量处理
if len(buffer) >= 5:
results = await asyncio.gather(*buffer)
print(f"处理结果: {results}")
buffer = []
# 演示用,处理 20 个数据后停止
if data > 20:
break
# asyncio.run(monitor_stream())
import asyncio
async def task_with_priority(name, priority, duration):
print(f"[优先级 {priority}] {name} 开始")
await asyncio.sleep(duration)
print(f"[优先级 {priority}] {name} 完成")
return f"{name} 结果"
async def coordinator():
# 创建不同优先级的任务
high_priority = [
task_with_priority(f"高优先级-{i}", 1, 1)
for i in range(3)
]
low_priority = [
task_with_priority(f"低优先级-{i}", 3, 2)
for i in range(3)
]
# 先执行高优先级任务
high_results = await asyncio.gather(*high_priority)
print(f"高优先级完成: {high_results}")
# 再执行低优先级任务
low_results = await asyncio.gather(*low_priority)
print(f"低优先级完成: {low_results}")
asyncio.run(coordinator())
async def safe_task(n):
try:
if n == 3:
raise ValueError("错误的值")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return f"任务 {n} 成功"
except Exception as e:
print(f"任务 {n} 失败: {e}")
return None
async def main():
results = await asyncio.gather(
safe_task(1),
safe_task(2),
safe_task(3),
return_exceptions=True # 不会因为一个任务失败而停止
)
print(results)
asyncio.run(main())
class AsyncConnection:
async def __aenter__(self):
self.conn = await self.connect()
return self
async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
await self.close()
async def connect(self):
print("建立连接")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
return "connection"
async def close(self):
print("关闭连接")
await asyncio.sleep(1)
async def main():
async with AsyncConnection() as conn:
print(f"使用连接: {conn.conn}")
asyncio.run(main())
import asyncio
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
# 错误: 阻塞操作
async def bad_example():
time.sleep(5) # 这会阻塞整个事件循环!
# 正确: 使用 executor 运行阻塞操作
async def good_example():
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
result = await loop.run_in_executor(executor, blocking_function)
return result
def blocking_function():
import time
time.sleep(5)
return "完成"
async def with_timeout():
try:
result = await asyncio.wait_for(
long_running_task(),
timeout=5.0
)
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
print("任务超时,执行回退逻辑")
result = "默认值"
return result
async def main():
async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as tg:
task1 = tg.create_task(some_coro())
task2 = tg.create_task(another_coro())
# 所有任务完成或某个任务失败时退出
print("所有任务完成")
- 高性能: 单线程处理大量并发,避免线程切换开销
- 低资源消耗: 协程比线程更轻量,内存占用少
- 代码可读性: async/await 语法让异步代码像同步代码一样易读
- 丰富的生态: aiohttp、aiopg、aiomysql 等大量异步库支持
✅ 适合使用:
- 大量网络 I/O 操作(爬虫、API 服务)
- WebSocket 长连接
- 异步数据库操作
- 实时数据处理
- 微服务间通信
❌ 不适合使用:
- CPU 密集型计算(使用多进程)
- 简单的小型脚本
- 依赖大量同步库的项目
- 团队不熟悉异步编程
- 基础阶段: 掌握 async/await、事件循环、Task 基本概念
- 进阶阶段: 学习异步上下文管理器、生成器、同步原语
- 实战阶段: 使用 aiohttp、aiopg 等库构建实际项目
- 优化阶段: 性能分析、错误处理、最佳实践
- 在异步函数中使用阻塞调用
- 忘记使用 await 导致协程未执行
- 过度使用 asyncio(简单任务反而降低效率)
- 忽略异常处理导致任务静默失败
- 不理解事件循环的单线程特性
- Python 官方文档 – asyncio
- Real Python – Async IO
- aiohttp 文档
结语: asyncio 是 Python 异步编程的强大工具,掌握它可以显著提升 I/O 密集型应用的性能。理解其内部机制和最佳实践,能帮助你写出高效、可维护的异步代码。
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