使用Python创建一个功能完整的Windows风格计算器程序

目录

• Python实现Windows系统计算器程序（含高级功能）
• 1. 使用Tkinter实现基础计算器
• 2. 高级功能实现
• 2.1 科学计算功能
• 2.2 历史记录功能（扩展）
• 2.3 图形绘制功能（扩展）
• 3. 完整功能整合
• 4. 功能说明
• 4.1 基本功能
• 4.2 高级科学计算功能
• 4.3 额外功能
• 5. 扩展建议

下面我将介绍如何使用Python创建一个功能完整的Windows风格计算器程序，包含基本运算和高级数学功能。

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
import math
 
class Calculator:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("高级计算器")
        self.root.geometry("400x550")
        self.root.resizable(False, False)
        
        # 当前输入和结果
        self.current_input = ""
        self.previous_input = ""
        self.operation = None
        self.reset_input = False
        
        # 创建界面
        self.create_widgets()
    
    def create_widgets(self):
        # 显示框
        self.display_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        self.display_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        self.expression_var = tk.StringVar()
        self.expression_label = ttk.Label(
            self.display_frame, 
            textvariable=self.expression_var,
            font=("Arial", 18),
            anchor=tk.E
        )
        self.expression_label.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        self.result_var = tk.StringVar()
        self.result_label = ttk.Label(
            self.display_frame, 
            textvariable=self.result_var,
            font=("Arial", 28, "bold"),
            anchor=tk.E,
            foreground="blue"
        )
        self.result_label.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        # 按钮框架
        self.buttons_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        self.buttons_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        # 按钮布局
        buttons = [
            ("C", 0, 0, "#FF9500", self.clear_all),
            ("⌫", 0, 1, "#FF9500", self.delete_last),
            ("÷", 0, 2, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("/")),
            ("×", 0, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("*")),
            
            ("7", 1, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("7")),
            ("8", 1, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("8")),
            ("9", 1, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("9")),
            ("-", 1, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("-")),
            
            ("4", 2, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("4")),
            ("5", 2, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("5")),
            ("6", 2, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("6")),
            ("+", 2, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("+")),
            
            ("1", 3, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("1")),
            ("2", 3, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("2")),
            ("3", 3, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("3")),
            ("=", 3, 3, "#4CD964", self.calculate),
            
            ("0", 4, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("0")),
            (".", 4, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(".")),
            ("(", 4, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("(")),
            (")", 4, 3, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(")")),
            
            # 高级功能按钮
            ("sin", 5, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.sin(")),
            ("cos", 5, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.cos(")),
            ("tan", 5, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.tan(")),
            ("log", 5, 3, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.log10(")),
            
            ("√", 6, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.sqrt(")),
            ("x²", 6, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**2")),
            ("x³", 6, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**3")),
            ("π", 6, 3, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(math.pi))),
            
            ("e", 7, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(math.e))),
            ("x^y", 7, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**")),
            ("(", 7, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("(")),
            (")", 7, 3, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(")")),
            
            ("Ans", 8, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(self.previous_result))),
            ("1/x", 8, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("1/(" + self.current_input + ")")),
            ("n!", 8, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.factorial(int(" + self.current_input + "))" if self.current_input.isdigit() else "")),
            ("(", 8, 3, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("(")),
        ]
        
        # 创建按钮
        for (text, row, col, color, command) in buttons:
            button = ttk.Button(
                self.buttons_frame,
                text=text,
                command=command
            )
            
            if text.isdigit() or text in [".", "+", "-", "*", "/", "(", ")", "^"]:
                button.configure(style="Number.TButton")
            elif text in ["sin", "cos", "tan", "log", "√", "x²", "x³", "Ans", "1/x", "n!"]:
                button.configure(style="Function.TButton")
            else:
                button.configure(style="Operator.TButton")
            
            button.grid(row=row, column=col, sticky="nsew", padx=5, pady=5)
            
            # 配置网格权重
            self.buttons_frame.grid_rowconfigure(row, weight=1)
            self.buttons_frame.grid_columnconfigure(col, weight=1)
        
        # 设置按钮样式
        style = ttk.Style()
        style.configure("TButton", font=("Arial", 14))
        style.map("TButton",
                 foreground=[('pressed', 'white'), ('active', '#007AFF')],
                 background=[('pressed', '#007AFF'), ('active', '#007AFF')],
                 relief=[('pressed', 'flat'), ('active', 'flat')])
        
        style.configure("Number.TButton", background="#F2F2F7")
        style.configure("Operator.TButton", background="#FF9500", foreground="white")
        style.configure("Function.TButton", background="#5856D6", foreground="white")
        
        # 计算结果变量
        self.previous_result = 0
    
    def add_number(self, number):
        if self.reset_input:
            self.current_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
            
        if number == "." and "." in self.current_input:
            return
            
        self.current_input += number
        self.expression_var.set(self.current_input)
    
    def add_operation(self, operation):
        if self.current_input == "" and self.previous_input == "":
            return
            
        if self.previous_input:
            self.calculate()
            self.operation = operation
        else:
            self.operation = operation
            self.previous_input = self.current_input
            self.current_input = ""
            
        self.expression_var.set(self.previous_input + " " + operation)
    
    def add_function(self, function):
        if self.reset_input:
            self.current_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
            
        # 检查是否需要添加括号
        if not (self.current_input.endswith(")") or self.current_input == ""):
            self.current_input += ")"
            
        self.current_input += function
        if not self.current_input.endswith(")"):
            self.current_input += "("
            
        self.expression_var.set(self.current_input)
    
    def clear_all(self):
        self.current_input = ""
        self.previous_input = ""
        self.operation = None
        self.reset_input = False
        self.expression_var.set("")
        self.result_var.set("")
    
    def delete_last(self):
        if self.current_input:
            self.current_input = self.current_input[:-1]
            self.expression_var.set(self.current_input if self.current_input else "")
        elif self.previous_input:
            self.previous_input = self.previous_input[:-1]
            self.expression_var.set(self.previous_input if self.previous_input else "")
    
    def calculate(self):
        try:
            # 替换x为*用于计算
            expression = self.current_input.replace("^", "**")
            
            # 处理特殊函数
            if "sin(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("sin(", "math.sin(")
            if "cos(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("cos(", "math.cos(")
            if "tan(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("tan(", "math.tan(")
            if "log(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("log(", "math.log10(")
            if "√(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("√(", "math.sqrt(")
                
            result = eval(expression, {"math": math})
            
            self.previous_input = str(result)
            self.current_input = str(result)
            self.expression_var.set(str(result))
            self.result_var.set("=" + str(result))
            self.previous_result = result
            self.reset_input = True
            
        except Exception as e:
            self.expression_var.set("错误")
            self.result_var.set("")
            self.current_input = ""
            self.previous_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
    
    @property
    def current_input(self):
        return self._current_input
    
    @current_input.setter
    def current_input(self, value):
        self._current_input = value
 
# 创建主窗口并运行计算器
if __name__ == "__main__":
    import math
    
    root = tk.Tk()
    calculator = Calculator(root)
    
    # 添加自定义样式
    style = ttk.Style()
    style.theme_use('clam')
    
    root.mainloop()

上述代码已经实现了以下高级功能：

• 三角函数：sin, cos, tan
• 对数函数：log10
• 平方根：√
• 幂运算：x², x³, x^y
• 常数：π, e
• 阶乘：n!
• 反函数：1/x

要添加历史记录功能，可以修改代码如下：

class Calculator:
    def __init__(self, root):
        # ... 其他初始化代码 ...
        self.history = []  # 存储计算历史
        
    def calculate(self):
        try:
            # ... 计算代码 ...
            
            # 添加到历史记录
            if self.previous_input and self.operation and self.current_input:
                expression = f"{self.previous_input} {self.operation} {self.current_input}"
                self.history.append((expression, str(result)))
                if len(self.history) > 10:  # 限制历史记录数量
                    self.history.pop(0)
                    
            # ... 其他代码 ...
            
        except Exception as e:
            # ... 错误处理代码 ...
    
    def show_history(self):
        # 创建新窗口显示历史记录
        history_window = tk.Toplevel(self.root)
        history_window.title("计算历史")
        history_window.geometry("350x400")
        
        history_text = tk.Text(history_window, font=("Arial", 12))
        history_text.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        for expr, res in self.history:
            history_text.insert(tk.END, f"{expr} = {res}n")
        
        history_text.config(state=tk.DISABLED)

要添加函数图形绘制功能，可以使用matplotlib：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import FigureCanvasTkAgg
 
class Calculator:
    # ... 其他代码 ...
    
    def plot_function(self):
        function_window = tk.Toplevel(self.root)
        function_window.title("函数绘图")
        function_window.geometry("600x500")
        
        # 创建输入框
        input_frame = ttk.Frame(function_window)
        input_frame.pack(fill=tk.X, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        ttk.Label(input_frame, text="输入函数 (使用x作为变量):").pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        function_entry = ttk.Entry(input_frame, width=30)
        function_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
        function_entry.insert(0, "math.sin(x)")  # 默认函数
        
        # 创建绘图区域
        fig_frame = ttk.Frame(function_window)
        fig_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 5))
        canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig, master=fig_frame)
        canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        # 绘制按钮
        def draw_plot():
            try:
                func_str = function_entry.get()
                x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 400)
                y = eval(func_str, {"math": math, "x": x, "np": np})
                
                ax.clear()
                ax.plot(x, y)
                ax.set_title(f"y = {func_str}")
                ax.grid(True)
                canvas.draw()
            except Exception as e:
                messagebox.showerror("错误", f"无法绘制函数: {str(e)}")
        
        ttk.Button(function_window, text="绘制", command=draw_plot).pack(pady=5)

将上述功能整合到一个完整的计算器程序中：

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk, messagebox
import math
import numpy as np
 
class AdvancedCalculator:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("高级科学计算器")
        self.root.geometry("500x650")
        self.root.resizable(False, False)
        
        self.current_input = ""
        self.previous_input = ""
        self.operation = None
        self.reset_input = False
        self.history = []
        
        self.create_widgets()
    
    def create_widgets(self):
        # 显示框
        self.display_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        self.display_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        self.expression_var = tk.StringVar()
        self.expression_label = ttk.Label(
            self.display_frame, 
            textvariable=self.expression_var,
            font=("Arial", 14),
            anchor=tk.E
        )
        self.expression_label.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        self.result_var = tk.StringVar()
        self.result_label = ttk.Label(
            self.display_frame, 
            textvariable=self.result_var,
            font=("Arial", 24, "bold"),
            anchor=tk.E,
            foreground="blue"
        )
        self.result_label.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        # 按钮框架
        self.buttons_frame = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        self.buttons_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)
        
        # 按钮布局
        buttons = [
            # 第一行
            ("C", 0, 0, "#FF9500", self.clear_all),
            ("⌫", 0, 1, "#FF9500", self.delete_last),
            ("÷", 0, 2, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("/")),
            ("×", 0, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("*")),
            
            # 第二行
            ("7", 1, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("7")),
            ("8", 1, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("8")),
            ("9", 1, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("9")),
            ("-", 1, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("-")),
            
            # 第三行
            ("4", 2, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("4")),
            ("5", 2, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("5")),
            ("6", 2, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("6")),
            ("+", 2, 3, "#FF9500", lambda: self.add_operation("+")),
            
            # 第四行
            ("1", 3, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("1")),
            ("2", 3, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("2")),
            ("3", 3, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("3")),
            ("=", 3, 3, "#4CD964", self.calculate),
            
            # 第五行
            ("0", 4, 0, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("0")),
            (".", 4, 1, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(".")),
            ("(", 4, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("(")),
            (")", 4, 3, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(")")),
            
            # 第六行 - 高级功能
            ("sin", 5, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.sin(")),
            ("cos", 5, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.cos(")),
            ("tan", 5, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.tan(")),
            ("log", 5, 3, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.log10(")),
            
            # 第七行
            ("√", 6, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.sqrt(")),
            ("x²", 6, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**2")),
            ("x³", 6, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**3")),
            ("π", 6, 3, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(math.pi))),
            
            # 第八行
            ("e", 7, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(math.e))),
            ("x^y", 7, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_operation("**")),
            ("(", 7, 2, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number("(")),
            (")", 7, 3, "#333333", lambda: self.add_number(")")),
            
            # 第九行
            ("Ans", 8, 0, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_number(str(self.previous_result))),
            ("1/x", 8, 1, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("1/(" + self.current_input + ")")),
            ("n!", 8, 2, "#5856D6", lambda: self.add_function("math.factorial(int(" + self.current_input + "))" if self.current_input.isdigit() else "")),
            ("Hist", 8, 3, "#5856D6", self.show_history),
        ]
        
        # 创建按钮
        for (text, row, col, color, command) in buttons:
            button = ttk.Button(
                self.buttons_frame,
                text=text,
                command=command
            )
            
            if text.isdigit() or text in [".", "+", "-", "*", "/", "(", ")", "^"]:
                button.configure(style="Number.TButton")
            elif text in ["sin", "cos", "tan", "log", "√", "x²", "x³", "Ans", "1/x", "n!"]:
                button.configure(style="Function.TButton")
            elif text in ["Hist"]:
                button.configure(style="History.TButton")
            else:
                button.configure(style="Operator.TButton")
            
            button.grid(row=row, column=col, sticky="nsew", padx=5, pady=5)
            
            # 配置网格权重
            self.buttons_frame.grid_rowconfigure(row, weight=1)
            self.buttons_frame.grid_columnconfigure(col, weight=1)
        
        # 设置按钮样式
        style = ttk.Style()
        style.configure("TButton", font=("Arial", 14))
        
        style.map("TButton",
                 foreground=[('pressed', 'white'), ('active', '#007AFF')],
                 background=[('pressed', '#007AFF'), ('active', '#007AFF')],
                 relief=[('pressed', 'flat'), ('active', 'flat')])
        
        style.configure("Number.TButton", background="#F2F2F7")
        style.configure("Operator.TButton", background="#FF9500", foreground="white")
        style.configure("Function.TButton", background="#5856D6", foreground="white")
        style.configure("History.TButton", background="#8E8E93", foreground="white")
        
        # 计算结果变量
        self.previous_result = 0
    
    def add_number(self, number):
        if self.reset_input:
            self.current_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
            
        if number == "." and "." in self.current_input:
            return
            
        self.current_input += number
        self.expression_var.set(self.current_input)
    
    def add_operation(self, operation):
        if self.current_input == "" and self.previous_input == "":
            return
            
        if self.previous_input:
            self.calculate()
            self.operation = operation
        else:
            self.operation = operation
            self.previous_input = self.current_input
            self.current_input = ""
            
        self.expression_var.set(self.previous_input + " " + operation)
    
    def add_function(self, function):
        if self.reset_input:
            self.current_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
            
        # 检查是否需要添加括号
        if not (self.current_input.endswith(")") or self.current_input == ""):
            self.current_input += ")"
            
        self.current_input += function
        if not self.current_input.endswith(")"):
            self.current_input += "("
            
        self.expression_var.set(self.current_input)
    
    def clear_all(self):
        self.current_input = ""
        self.previous_input = ""
        self.operation = None
        self.reset_input = False
        self.expression_var.set("")
        self.result_var.set("")
    
    def delete_last(self):
        if self.current_input:
            self.current_input = self.current_input[:-1]
            self.expression_var.set(self.current_input if self.current_input else "")
        elif self.previous_input:
            self.previous_input = self.previous_input[:-1]
            self.expression_var.set(self.previous_input if self.previous_input else "")
    
    def calculate(self):
        try:
            # 替换x为*用于计算
            expression = self.current_input.replace("^", "**")
            
            # 处理特殊函数
            if "sin(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("sin(", "math.sin(")
            if "cos(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("cos(", "math.cos(")
            if "tan(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("tan(", "math.tan(")
            if "log(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("log(", "math.log10(")
            if "√(" in expression:
                expression = expression.replace("√(", "math.sqrt(")
                
            result = eval(expression, {"math": math})
            
            self.previous_input = str(result)
            self.current_input = str(result)
            self.expression_var.set(str(result))
            self.result_var.set("=" + str(result))
            self.previous_result = result
            self.reset_input = True
            
            # 添加到历史记录
            if self.previous_input and self.operation and self.current_input:
                expr = f"{self.previous_input} {self.operation} {self.current_input}"
                self.history.append((expr, str(result)))
                if len(self.history) > 10:  # 限制历史记录数量
                    self.history.pop(0)
                    
        except Exception as e:
            self.expression_var.set("错误")
            self.result_var.set("")
            self.current_input = ""
            self.previous_input = ""
            self.reset_input = False
    
    @property
    def current_input(self):
        return self._current_input
    
    @current_input.setter
    def current_input(self, value):
        self._current_input = value
    
    def show_history(self):
        history_window = tk.Toplevel(self.root)
        history_window.title("计算历史")
        history_window.geometry("400x400")
        
        history_text = tk.Text(history_window, font=("Arial", 12))
        history_text.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=10, pady=10)
        
        for expr, res in self.history:
            history_text.insert(tk.END, f"{expr} = {res}n")
        
        history_text.config(state=tk.DISABLED)
 
# 创建主窗口并运行计算器
if __name__ == "__main__":
    import math
    
    root = tk.Tk()
    
    # 添加自定义样式
    style = ttk.Style()
    style.theme_use('clam')
    
    calculator = AdvancedCalculator(root)
    root.mainloop()

• 支持加、减、乘、除基本运算
• 支持括号和小数点
• 清除(C)和删除(⌫)功能

• 三角函数：sin, cos, tan
• 对数函数：log10
• 平方根：√
• 幂运算：x², x³, x^y
• 常数：π, e
• 阶乘：n!
• 反函数：1/x

• 历史记录：记录最近10次计算
• Ans功能：使用上一次的计算结果

1. ​​图形绘制功能​​：添加函数绘图功能，可以使用matplotlib集成
2. ​​单位转换​​：添加长度、重量、温度等单位转换功能
3. ​​方程求解​​：添加一元二次方程等求解功能
4. ​​统计计算​​：添加平均值、标准差等统计功能
5. ​​编程模式​​：添加自定义函数定义功能

这个计算器程序提供了完整的科学计算功能，界面简洁直观，适合学习和日常使用。

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